{"id":7611,"date":"2025-08-25T10:46:09","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T10:46:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/afiyafrica.com\/?p=7611"},"modified":"2025-08-25T11:01:20","modified_gmt":"2025-08-25T11:01:20","slug":"fievres-hemorragiques-et-zoonoses-en-afrique-ebola-fievre-de-lassa-et-les-menaces-du-changement-climatique","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/afiyafrica.com\/index.php\/actualite\/fievres-hemorragiques-et-zoonoses-en-afrique-ebola-fievre-de-lassa-et-les-menaces-du-changement-climatique\/","title":{"rendered":"Fi\u00e8vres h\u00e9morragiques et zoonoses en Afrique : Ebola, fi\u00e8vre de Lassa et les menaces du changement climatique"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\n \t<\/i> Read Time:<\/span>4 Minute, 37 Second <\/div>\n\n <\/div>

 <\/p>\n

Les fi\u00e8vres h\u00e9morragiques virales (FHV) comme Ebola, Marburg ou la fi\u00e8vre de Lassa repr\u00e9sentent des menaces majeures pour la sant\u00e9 publique en Afrique de l\u2019Ouest et Centrale. Issues de zoonoses \u2014 maladies transmissibles de l\u2019animal \u00e0 l\u2019homme \u2014, elles illustrent de fa\u00e7on tragique l\u2019interconnexion entre sant\u00e9 humaine, animale et environnementale, au c\u0153ur du concept \u00ab One Health \u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 ces pathologies d\u00e9j\u00e0 redoutables s\u2019ajoute aujourd\u2019hui une variable aggravante : le changement climatique. En modifiant les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, les migrations animales, et les dynamiques sociales, il accro\u00eet le risque d\u2019\u00e9mergence, d\u2019expansion et de r\u00e9surgence de ces maladies. Ce contexte impose une approche int\u00e9gr\u00e9e et pr\u00e9ventive, encore trop peu appliqu\u00e9e dans les politiques sanitaires africaines.<\/p>\n

I. Fi\u00e8vres h\u00e9morragiques virales : des zoonoses \u00e0 fort potentiel \u00e9pid\u00e9mique<\/p>\n

Ebola : un virus meurtrier au potentiel explosif<\/p>\n

Le virus Ebola, d\u00e9couvert en 1976, a d\u00e9clench\u00e9 plusieurs flamb\u00e9es, dont la plus grave (2013\u20132016) a fait plus de 11 000 morts en Guin\u00e9e, au Lib\u00e9ria et en Sierra Leone. Transmis \u00e0 l\u2019humain via la faune sauvage (notamment les chauves-souris frugivores), Ebola se propage ensuite par contact direct avec les fluides biologiques.<\/p>\n

Facteurs aggravants :<\/p>\n

Manque de syst\u00e8mes de surveillance,<\/p>\n

Fun\u00e9railles traditionnelles \u00e0 haut risque,<\/p>\n

Faible infrastructure sanitaire en zones rurales.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Fi\u00e8vre de Lassa : la menace silencieuse d\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Ouest<\/p>\n

End\u00e9mique au Nigeria, au B\u00e9nin, au Togo, en Sierra Leone et au Liberia, la fi\u00e8vre de Lassa est transmise par des rongeurs (Mastomys natalensis). Contrairement \u00e0 Ebola, elle est souvent asymptomatique ou b\u00e9nigne, mais peut \u00eatre mortelle chez les femmes enceintes.<\/p>\n

Les flamb\u00e9es sont r\u00e9currentes, comme celle observ\u00e9e au Nigeria d\u00e9but 2024 avec plus de 700 cas confirm\u00e9s. Le diagnostic reste difficile, car les sympt\u00f4mes imitent le paludisme ou la typho\u00efde.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Autres fi\u00e8vres h\u00e9morragiques pr\u00e9occupantes<\/p>\n

Marburg : proche d\u2019Ebola, signal\u00e9 r\u00e9cemment en Tanzanie, Guin\u00e9e \u00e9quatoriale et Ghana.<\/p>\n

Crim\u00e9e-Congo : transmise par les tiques, pr\u00e9sente en Afrique de l\u2019Est et australe.<\/p>\n

Rift Valley Fever : maladie virale touchant hommes et animaux, favoris\u00e9e par les inondations.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

II. L\u2019impact du changement climatique : un catalyseur invisible<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Modification des habitats des r\u00e9servoirs animaux<\/p>\n

Le r\u00e9chauffement climatique bouleverse les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes :<\/p>\n

-D\u00e9forestation et s\u00e9cheresse poussent les chauves-souris et rongeurs vers les zones habit\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

-Inondations et temp\u00e9ratures plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es favorisent la reproduction de vecteurs (moustiques, tiques).<\/p>\n

-Le stress \u00e9cologique accentue les interactions entre humains, faune et b\u00e9tail.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

R\u00e9sultat : une augmentation du risque de \u00ab spillover \u00bb, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire de transmission inter-esp\u00e8ces des agents pathog\u00e8nes.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Urbanisation rapide et mobilit\u00e9 accrue<\/p>\n

Les mouvements de population, les chantiers d\u2019infrastructure, et l\u2019\u00e9talement urbain incontr\u00f4l\u00e9 rapprochent les humains des zones foresti\u00e8res \u00e0 haute biodiversit\u00e9 \u2014 v\u00e9ritables r\u00e9servoirs viraux. Les infrastructures de sant\u00e9 ne suivent pas.<\/p>\n

Exemple : l\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mie d\u2019Ebola en Guin\u00e9e (2021) serait li\u00e9e \u00e0 un enfant ayant jou\u00e9 pr\u00e8s d\u2019une colonie de chauves-souris d\u00e9plac\u00e9e par la d\u00e9forestation.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 africains<\/p>\n

Le changement climatique renforce la pr\u00e9carit\u00e9 sanitaire :<\/p>\n

Multiplication des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies simultan\u00e9es (chol\u00e9ra, paludisme, fi\u00e8vres h\u00e9morragiques),<\/p>\n

Difficult\u00e9s logistiques d\u2019acc\u00e8s aux zones touch\u00e9es,<\/p>\n

P\u00e9nurie de personnel de sant\u00e9 form\u00e9 \u00e0 la gestion des maladies \u00e9mergentes.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

III. R\u00e9ponses \u00e0 renforcer : vers une approche One Health<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Surveillance int\u00e9gr\u00e9e et d\u00e9tection pr\u00e9coce<\/p>\n

-Mettre en place des syst\u00e8mes de veille \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique int\u00e9gr\u00e9e, reliant sant\u00e9 humaine, animale et environnementale.<\/p>\n

-Utiliser les technologies mobiles (mHealth) pour signaler les cas pr\u00e9cocement.<\/p>\n

-Renforcer les capacit\u00e9s des laboratoires nationaux et r\u00e9gionaux pour des diagnostics rapides.<\/p>\n

-Pr\u00e9paration communautaire et changement de comportements<\/p>\n

-Sensibilisation des populations sur les risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 la faune sauvage.<\/p>\n

-Formation des leaders communautaires pour diffuser des messages adapt\u00e9s (\u00e9viter la manipulation des animaux morts, s\u00e9curiser les fun\u00e9railles).<\/p>\n

-Int\u00e9gration des pratiques locales dans les strat\u00e9gies sanitaires, pour am\u00e9liorer l\u2019adh\u00e9sion.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Coop\u00e9ration r\u00e9gionale et recherche<\/p>\n

-Renforcement des agences africaines (Africa CDC, r\u00e9seaux de laboratoires).<\/p>\n

-D\u00e9veloppement de vaccins adapt\u00e9s au contexte africain (ex.\u202f: vaccin rVSV-ZEBOV contre Ebola).<\/p>\n

-Financement de la recherche sur les facteurs climatiques et \u00e9cologiques d\u2019\u00e9mergence.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

IV. Recommandations pour les d\u00e9cideurs africains<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

-Institutionnaliser le cadre \u00ab One Health \u00bb dans les politiques nationales.<\/p>\n

-Investir dans la pr\u00e9vention autant que dans la r\u00e9ponse : surveillance, \u00e9ducation, hygi\u00e8ne.<\/p>\n

-Inclure les risques \u00e9pid\u00e9miques dans les plans nationaux d\u2019adaptation au climat.<\/p>\n

-Renforcer les cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement m\u00e9dicales en p\u00e9riode de crise.<\/p>\n

-Cr\u00e9er un fonds africain d\u00e9di\u00e9 aux zoonoses et aux maladies \u00e9mergentes.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Les fi\u00e8vres h\u00e9morragiques comme Ebola ou Lassa ne sont pas de simples catastrophes naturelles. Elles sont le sympt\u00f4me d\u2019un d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibre profond entre l\u2019homme, la nature et la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e8re du changement climatique, l\u2019Afrique n\u2019a plus le choix : elle doit anticiper plut\u00f4t que subir.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est en misant sur la pr\u00e9vention, la coop\u00e9ration et la science qu\u2019elle pourra \u00e9viter les prochaines \u00e9pid\u00e9mies\u2026 ou les contenir avant qu\u2019elles ne deviennent des pand\u00e9mies.<\/p>\n

Dr F Abolore<\/p>\n

R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/p>\n

Carlson, C. J., Albery, G. F., Merow, C., et al. (2022). Climate change increases cross-species viral transmission risk. Nature Climate Change, 12(5), 427\u2013435.<\/p>\n

World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Ebola Virus Disease \u2013 Democratic Republic of the Congo. www.who.int<\/p>\n

Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC). (2024). Lassa Fever Situation Report. www.ncdc.gov.ng<\/p>\n

Africa CDC. (2023). One Health Strategic Framework 2022\u20132026.<\/p>\n

UNICEF & WHO. (2022). Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission.<\/p>\n

OIE\u2013FAO\u2013WHO. (2021). Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries.<\/p>\n

Bausch, D. G., & Schwarz, L. (2014). Outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea: Where ecology meets economy. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 8(7), e3056.<\/p>\n

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  Les fi\u00e8vres h\u00e9morragiques virales (FHV) comme Ebola, Marburg ou la fi\u00e8vre de Lassa 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